T-047: ; for ; for
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060, T-068, T-074, T-105, T-106, T-107, T-108 and T-109
, and , by Tokoharu's rectangle-density certificates of 22 September 2026. The and certificates also give and by monotonicity.
Each certificate is an exact nonnegative rational density on rectangles, D4-expanded, of total mass below its count, such that the shrunken core of every rotated unit square at each of 201 net directions captures mass at least one.
Each of the three passed a complete 201-direction replay here on 22 September 2026 of the source's interval checker, behind this repository's exact preflight of the candidate-to-input enclosures, orbit normalization, total mass, net and shrink premises and the axis-event partition.
Tokoharu, square-packing-density-bounds, after Levy and wand125: the author's announcement says it was inspired by @ojoshe and @wand125, and the README credits jlevy/squares, through wand125's attribution, for row and column generation and branch-and-bound. The rectangle-density method and its interval verifier are Tokoharu's.
Significance, composition and next rung
- Significance
- Scored at S4 by the anchor "a reusable technique": the rectangle-density certificate and its interval verifier are Tokoharu's, and wand125's certificates at 48 counts (T-045, T-046) and its checker (T-048) are built on them. Its own bounds moved to 31 by 0.02 to 0.38 over Nagamochi's closed form; at it is below the standing bound and never held a field.
- Composition
- Three primary certificates and four monotone transfers (27 and 28 from , 30 and 31 from ), each one deletion step that adds no premise, so every count keeps the replay's V3/C3. One interval-certified method, replayed here: C3.
- Next rung
- V4 and C4 need two adversarial AI reviews by distinct reviewers and a human oversight record, and none is retained. A second machine method would be a method-distinct decision of global rotated coverage; the exact rational polygon and derivative probes exercise the interval kernel but decide no coverage. Superseded as the verified lower bound by wand125's replayed rectangle certificates at , 28 and 31 on 2026-09-27 (T-045), and at and 30 (T-045) and (T-070) on 2026-10-02; at it never held the field, being below T-033 and Kleddamag's 31/8 (T-037). Stays true as stated.
- Novelty
- previously-published Present in an identified source
The cases
This result concerns 7 cases, too many to draw one by one. Each is listed with the film’s bounds, the proved lower bound and the best known side, and links to its case record, where its packing and number line are drawn.
| n | Proved lower | Best known | Gap | Status | Records |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | 3.877084 | 3.877084 | 0 | provedO=R | frontier n-011.md |
| 26 | 5.545000 | 5.621321 | 0.07632034… | open= | frontier n-026.md |
| 27 | 5.643500 | 5.707107 | 0.06360678… | frontier n-027.md | |
| 28 | 5.735000 | 5.824445 | 0.08944461… | open=R | frontier n-028.md |
| 29 | 5.810000 | 5.933834 | 0.12383346… | open≈ | frontier n-029.md |
| 30 | 5.883500 | 6 | 0.1165 | open= | frontier n-030.md |
| 31 | 5.952500 | 0.0475 | frontier n-031.md |
Results on these cases
39 results in the register on these cases, oldest first
1979 published T-011 · case 11
Trump's 1979 packing is exactly valid, so
upper bound confirmed
Trump · Trump 2023 · register
2005 published T-007 · 7 of these cases
for
lower bound incomplete on these cases, superseded by T-060, T-068, T-074, T-105, T-106, T-107, T-108 and T-109
Nagamochi · Nagamochi 2005 · source · register
2026-08-24 established T-010 · case 11
, by a repair of Stromquist 2003's Figure 14 point set
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
Levy after Stromquist · register
2026-08-29 established T-009 · case 29
, by a Krawczyk interval certificate
upper bound confirmed
Levy · register
2026-09-04 established T-018 · case 11
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
Levy after Burns, Massaccesi · register
2026-09-04 published T-085 · 7 of these cases
Nagamochi 2005, Lemma 1 is false for every container with and
correction confirmed
Karakuş; chelokot · Karakuş 2026 · chelokot Nagamochi counterexample 2026 · packet · register
2026-09-06 established T-022 · case 11
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
2026-09-08 established T-023 · case 11
Conditional exclusion: no eleven-square packing in the four-owner branch at
case exclusion confirmed superseded in part by T-060
2026-09-09 established T-024 · case 11
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
2026-09-09 established T-025 · case 11
, by a threshold certificate
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
2026-09-09 established T-026 · case 11
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
2026-09-20 established T-031 · case 11
The octagon corner class (threshold ) holds no eleven-square packing at side
case exclusion confirmed superseded by T-060
Levy · register
2026-09-22 established T-033 · case 11
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
2026-09-22 published T-037 · case 11
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
Kleddamag after Levy, Guzhou0806, Mira · Kleddamag n11 2026 · packet · source 1 · source 2 · review 1 · review 2 · register
2026-09-22 published T-044 · cases 26, 29
Weighted point lower bounds for ten counts in , plus seven from the same files
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-105 and T-108
wand125 after Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 point bounds 2026 · packet · source · review · register
2026-09-22 published T-047 this result · 7 of these cases
; for ; for
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060, T-068, T-074, T-105, T-106, T-107, T-108 and T-109
Tokoharu after Levy, wand125, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · Tokoharu density 2026 · packet · source · review · register
2026-09-24 established T-035 · case 11
Six-plus-five packings near Trump's tilt with side lie within
rhoof his posecase exclusion confirmed
Levy · register
2026-09-24 established T-036 · case 11
Trump's pose is optimal among six-plus-five packings near its tilt, unique up to symmetry
restricted optimality confirmed superseded in part by T-060 and T-112
Levy · register
2026-09-27 published T-045 · 5 of these cases
Rectangle-density lower bounds replayed at 15 counts in
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-068, T-074, T-105, T-106, T-107 and T-109
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026 · packet · packet · source · review · register
2026-09-27 published T-046 · 6 of these cases
Rectangle-density lower bounds reported for 48 counts in
lower bound recorded superseded by T-068, T-074, T-105, T-106, T-107, T-108 and T-109
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026 · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-09-28 · packet · packet · register
2026-09-28 published T-070 · case 29
Rectangle-density lower bounds replayed at 25 counts in
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-108
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-09-28 · packet · packet · source · review · register
2026-09-29 published T-058 · 7 of these cases
Rectangle-certificate ceiling
α·UB(n)proved for ..100;B·UB(n)on 64 grid rowsmethod limit confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Daniel · wand125 tools 2026 · packet · register
2026-09-29 published T-059 · case 11
Reported equality of 12028 n11 row minima reproduced by a complete bound replay
audit confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Daniel · wand125 tools 2026 · packet · register
2026-09-29 published T-060 · case 11
Trump's eleven-square packing is globally optimal
optimality confirmed
Ahmed after Levy, Kleddamag · Ahmed n11 optimality 2026 · packet · packet · source 1 · source 2 · review 1 · review 2 · register
2026-09-29 published T-061 · case 11
, 3.9e-9 above
lower bound confirmed superseded by T-060
Wang, Li after Kleddamag, Levy · Wang Li n11 2026 · packet · source 1 · source 2 · review · register
2026-09-29 published T-083 · 7 of these cases
for every nonsquare
lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-060, T-068, T-074, T-105, T-106, T-107, T-108 and T-109
Karakuş · Karakuş 2026 · source · register
2026-10-01 published T-068 · 6 of these cases
Rectangle-density lower bounds verified at 34 counts in
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-10-01 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-01 published T-074 · 6 of these cases
Rectangle-density lower bounds replayed at 31 counts in
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-10-01 · packet · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-05 published T-101 · case 28
Exact certificates of 77 catalogue packings:
s(n) ≤ S',1.2e-16to9.8e-15above each sideupper bound confirmed
Daniel after Couzo, de Winter, Ellsworth, Levy · evand exact optima 2026-10-05 · packet · register
2026-10-06 published T-105 · case 26
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound verified at , on a declared net
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds check2 2026-10-06 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-06 published T-106 · case 27
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound verified at , on a declared net
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds check2 2026-10-06 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-06 published T-107 · case 28
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound verified at , on a declared net
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds check2 2026-10-06 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-06 published T-108 · case 29
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound verified at , on a declared net
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds check2 2026-10-06 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-06 published T-109 · case 30
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound verified at , on a declared net
lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds check2 2026-10-06 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-06 established T-112 · case 11
Trump's packing is the only optimal packing of eleven squares, up to symmetry
uniqueness confirmed
2026-10-07 published T-124 · cases 11, 28, 30, 31
Reported non-strict local minima for 178 source configurations
restricted optimality recorded
Daniel after Couzo · Daniel exact and local reports 2026 · packet · register
2026-10-10 published T-132 · case 29
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound reported, on a 2,073-direction declared net
lower bound recorded
wand125 after Tokoharu and Levy · wand125 fine-net n29 2026-10-10 · packet · register
2026-10-10 published T-142 · case 28
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound reported, on a 2,073-direction declared net
lower bound recorded
wand125 after Tokoharu and Levy · wand125 fine-net n28 n30 2026-10-10 · packet · register
2026-10-10 published T-143 · case 30
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound reported, on a 2,073-direction declared net
lower bound recorded
wand125 after Tokoharu and Levy · wand125 fine-net n28 n30 2026-10-10 · packet · register
Links
- On this site
- The frontier survey · T-047 in the results table · The optimality paper · The explainer
On GitHub, at main
- Register
- T-047 in
results.yaml, line 4089 - Evidence
E-tokoharu-density-report·E-tokoharu-density-monotone-report·E-tokoharu-density-source-replay- Proofs and certificates
- certificate
certificates· proofcontinuous-density-certificate.ja.md· auditreview-2026-09-22-tokoharu-density-mathematics.md - Sources
- Tokoharu density 2026 (its own site, retained copy)
- Source packet
resources/web/external-square-certificates-2026-09-22/README.md- Artifacts
9 artifacts and controls
resources/web/external-square-certificates-2026-09-22/README.mdresources/web/external-square-certificates-2026-09-22/tokoharu-density/README.mdresources/web/external-square-certificates-2026-09-22/tokoharu-density/src/verify.cppresources/web/external-square-certificates-2026-09-22/acquisition/x-tokoharu.txtresources/web/external-square-certificates-2026-09-22/receipts/density/audit.jsondevtools/audit_tokoharu_density.pydocs/project/reviews/review-2026-09-22-tokoharu-density-mathematics.mdtests/test_tokoharu_density_audit.pytests/test_retained_data.py- Case file
- each case’s file is linked from its row above