T-089: and , Chang's packings, certified exactly
V3 C3 upper bound confirmed superseded by T-101
and , by two packings by Allen Chang, the first optimized by David Ellsworth, certified here exactly. The Kingbird catalogue prints their sides as 9.63475764863108, of degree 672, and 9.83881526994826, cut short from 9.838815269948262260..., the root near it of the degree-41 polynomial it prints; it leaves the degree-672 polynomial to the picture's source, whose side a third party's parse reads as 9.634757648631082029.... None of those is certified here.
In the catalogue's words, was "Improved by Allen Chang in September 2026, with GPT-5.6 Sol and GPT-6 Astra", "Optimized by David Ellsworth in September 2026", and its "Polynomial root solution found by Allen Chang in September 2026", improving the Hajba and Cantrell packing by about 6.8e-5; was "Improved and optimized by Allen Chang in September 2026, working with GPT-6 Astra, with help from 'TheMagicAnimals'", improving Ellsworth's packing of February 2026 by about 2.2e-6.
The catalogue states no checker, and its pictures, which hold the poses, could not be fetched. Each certificate is a third party's binary64 parse of the picture, rounded to rationals and dilated about its centre by 1 + 1e-13: exact rational packings of sides 9.6347576486319454... and 9.8388152699491448..., 8.65e-13 and 8.85e-13 above the printed sides, each decided pair by pair and wall by wall over Q by two checkers of this repository that share no geometry or verification code. Each bound above is that side rounded up at the printed precision.
Allen Chang and David Ellsworth, September 2026, in the Squares in Squares catalogue.
Significance, composition and next rung
- Significance
- Lowers the best known side at two counts, by about 6.8e-5 and 2.2e-6. S2 by the anchor "a citable detail that changes no theorem".
- Next rung
- V4 and C4 need two adversarial AI reviews by distinct reviewers of the claim and a human oversight record; the review of 2026-10-05 is one. The verified bounds sat 8.7e-13 and 8.9e-13 above the printed sides because the certificates are binary64 parses dilated by 1 + 1e-13; the poses refined on their active contacts, Evan Daniel's exact certificates (T-101), have since brought both cases' verified upper bounds within one unit of the printed sides' last place. A method-distinct second route is what C4 needs.
- Novelty
- previously-published Present in an identified source
The cases
Proven
- exact
Citation record n-083
lowerwand125 after Tokoharu, Levy et al. 2026, GitHub (confirmed T-075)
upperHajba et al., Squares in Squares (confirmed T-101)
Open
- optimality
The case record
Proven
- exact
Citation record n-087
lowerwand125 after Tokoharu, Levy et al. 2026, GitHub (confirmed T-091)
upperEllsworth et al., Squares in Squares (confirmed T-101)
Open
- optimality
The case record
Results on these cases
12 results in the register on , oldest first, each with what it established and how it stands now.
2005 published T-007 ·
for
V0 C1 lower bound incomplete on these cases, superseded by T-075 and T-091
Nagamochi · Nagamochi 2005 · source · register
2026-09-04 published T-085 ·
Nagamochi 2005, Lemma 1 is false for every container with and
V3 C3 correction confirmed
Karakuş; chelokot · Karakuş 2026 · chelokot Nagamochi counterexample 2026 · packet · register
2026-09-24 published T-089 this result ·
and , Chang's packings, certified exactly
V3 C3 upper bound confirmed superseded by T-101
Chang, Ellsworth after Cantrell, Hajba, Stenlund, Bidwell; Chang after Ellsworth, Cantrell, Schadt, Hajba, DeVincentis · Chang n83 2026-09-24 · Chang n87 2026-09-24 · packet · packet · register
2026-09-29 published T-058 ·
Rectangle-certificate ceiling
α·UB(n)proved for ..100;B·UB(n)on 64 grid rowsV3 C3 method limit confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Daniel · wand125 tools 2026 · packet · register
2026-09-29 published T-083 ·
for every nonsquare
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-075 and T-091
Karakuş · Karakuş 2026 · source · register
2026-10-01 published T-068 ·
Rectangle-density lower bounds verified at 34 counts in
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-091
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-10-01 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-02 published T-071 ·
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds replayed at
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed superseded by T-091
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds 2026-10-02 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-02 published T-073 ·
Linear-measure lower bounds replayed at and
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-075
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 linear certificates 2026-10-02 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-02 published T-075 ·
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds replayed at nine counts in
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds afternoon 2026-10-02 · packet · source 1 · source 2 · review · register
2026-10-03 published T-082 ·
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds verified at 22 counts in
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-091
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds 2026-10-03 · packet · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-04 published T-091 ·
Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds verified at 17 counts in
V3 C3 lower bound confirmed
wand125 after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds evening 2026-10-04 · packet · source · review · register
2026-10-05 published T-101 ·
Exact certificates of 77 catalogue packings:
s(n) ≤ S',1.2e-16to9.8e-15above each sideV3 C3 upper bound confirmed
Daniel after Couzo, de Winter, Ellsworth, Levy · evand exact optima 2026-10-05 · packet · register
Links
- On this site
- Case record, · Frontier row, · Case record, · Frontier row, · T-089 in the results table
On GitHub, at main
- Register
- T-089 in
results.yaml, line 8608 - Evidence
E-n083-chang-2026-09-report·E-n087-chang-2026-09-report·E-n083-chang-2026-09-exact-replay·E-n087-chang-2026-09-exact-replay- Proofs and certificates
- certificate
n-083-rational.yaml· certificaten-087-rational.yaml - Sources
- Chang n83 2026-09-24 · Chang n87 2026-09-24
- Source packet
resources/web/kingbird-squares-in-squares.md·resources/web/known-best-packings/README.md- Artifacts
13 artifacts and controls
resources/web/kingbird-squares-in-squares.mdwitnesses/known-best/n-083.yamlwitnesses/known-best/n-087.yamldevtools/derive_kingbird_facts.pydevtools/catalogue_upper_bounds.pydevtools/check_rational_witness_independent.pywitnesses/kingbird-2026/n-083-rational.yamlwitnesses/kingbird-2026/n-087-rational.yamlresources/web/known-best-packings/README.mdresources/web/known-best-packings/receipts/kingbird-2026-09-certification.jsondocs/project/reviews/review-2026-10-05-kingbird-intake-n69-n83-n87.mdresources/web/known-best-packings/receipts/kingbird-2026-09-negative-controls.jsontests/test_catalogue_upper_bounds.py- Case file
frontier/n-083.md(verified lower, verified upper, reported lower, reported upper) ·frontier/n-087.md(verified lower, verified upper, reported lower, reported upper)